Cross References to Related Sections:

Criteria for setting minimum sentence, crimes committed prior to July 1, 1993, see 21-4606.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

"Decisions, Decisions, Decisions," Terry L. Bullock, 17 W.L.J. 26 (1977).

Possible conflict between Habitual Criminal Act and Mandatory Sentencing Act, 26 K.L.R. 277, 279, 280, 282, 287 (1978).

"Toward Certainty in Sentencing: Kansas Modifies the Indeterminate Sentence," Wayne K. Westblade, 18 W.L.J. 578, 591 (1979).

"Survey of Kansas Law: Criminal Law and Procedure," Keith G. Meyer, 27 K.L.R. 391, 394 (1979).

"Survey of Kansas Law: Family Law," Camilla Klein Haviland, 27 K.L.R. 241, 250 (1979).

"The Admissibility of Child Victim Hearsay in Kansas: A Defense Perspective," Christopher B. McNeil, 23 W.L.J. 265, 268 (1984).

"Survey of Kansas Law: Criminal Law," Robert A. Wason, 32 K.L.R. 395, 409 (1984).

"A Quantitative and Descriptive Survey of Evidence Law in the Kansas Appellate Courts," Stanley D. Davis, 37 K.L.R. 715, 718 (1989).

"Nonsupport of Children: Criminal Prosecution as an Alternative," Michael W. Laster, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. XV, No. 5, 27, 28 (1992).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Classification of crimes and penalties; prospective application of increased penalties. 82-187.

Classification of crimes and penalties; effect of legislation providing for reduction of sentences. 84-57.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Search with warrant for narcotics not unconstitutional. State v. Loudermilk, 208 Kan. 893, 494 P.2d 1174.

2. Construed; class B felonies; minimum and maximum sentences; error in fixing minimum term; conviction affirmed; sentence modified. State v. Frye, 209 Kan. 520, 522, 496 P.2d 1403.

3. Aggravated robbery; maximum sentence under subsection (b); no prejudice shown without a reasonable question of partiality. State v. Skinner, 210 Kan. 354, 356, 503 P.2d 168.

4. Subsection (a) discussed; although death penalty provision constitutionally impermissible, life imprisonment imposed under section upheld. State v. Randol, 212 Kan. 461, 462, 470, 471, 513 P.2d 248.

5. Sentences imposed hereunder for convictions under K.S.A. 21-3502, 21-3503 upheld; statement of accused properly admitted. State v. Nichols, 212 Kan. 814, 512 P.2d 329.

6. Sentence imposed hereunder falling within statutory limits cannot be said to be excessive. State v. Miles, 213 Kan. 245, 247, 515 P.2d 742.

7. Mentioned; code has no application to crimes committed prior to effective date. State v. Ralls, 213 Kan. 249, 251, 515 P.2d 1205.

8. Judgment revoking probation and defendant's sentencing under subsection (b) affirmed; evidence supported trial court's judgment. State v. Dunham, 213 Kan. 469, 470, 517 P.2d 150.

9. Sentencing hereunder for conviction under felony murder rule; exclusion of jurors opposed to capital punishment not error. State v. Shepherd, 213 Kan. 498, 499, 516 P.2d 945.

10. Assault in federal penitentiary; Assimilative Crimes Act has no application if act is made penal under federal statutes. United States v. Patmore, 475 F.2d 753, 754.

11. Sentence hereunder and K.S.A. 21-4504; conviction of forcible rape; record reviewed; no error. State v. Platz, 214 Kan. 74, 519 P.2d 1097.

12. Sentence hereunder after conviction of burglary; extra judicial statements supported by evidence; exclusion of testimony upheld. State v. Law, 214 Kan. 643, 522 P.2d 320.

13. Applied, conviction of second degree murder; record examined; no error. State v. Wilson, 215 Kan. 437, 438, 524 P.2d 224.

14. Consecutive sentences authorized under K.S.A. 21-4608 proper; conviction of two counts of aggravated assault. State v. Bradley, 215 Kan. 642, 648, 527 P.2d 988.

15. Sentence under subsection (e) for violation of K.S.A. 21-3720 reversed; erroneous instructions. State v. Smith, 215 Kan. 865, 866, 868, 528 P.2d 1195.

16. Instruction as to death penalty provision did not constitute reversible error; conviction of second degree murder. State v. Smith 216 Kan. 265, 269, 530 P.2d 1215.

17. Applied in construing K.S.A. 21-4603; reduction in life sentence by district court authorized if recommended by secretary. State v. Sargent, 217 Kan. 634, 635, 639, 538 P.2d 696.

18. Jury had no function to perform in fixing penalty upon conviction of felony murder. State v. Goodseal, 220 Kan. 487, 502, 553 P.2d 279. Overruled as to collateral felony: State v. Underwood, 228 Kan. 294, 615 P.2d 153.

19. Sentence hereunder after second conviction of heroin possession; judgment affirmed. State v. Loudermilk, 221 Kan. 157, 557 P.2d 1229.

20. Sentence hereunder from conviction of involuntary manslaughter affirmed. State v. Palacio, 221 Kan. 394, 559 P.2d 804.

21. Sentence hereunder affirmed after conviction of aggravated robbery. State v. Hornbeak, 221 Kan. 397, 398, 559 P.2d 385.

22. Sentence hereunder upon conviction of aggravated robbery; evidence, instructions and denial of probation reviewed; no error. State v. Alderdice, 221 Kan. 684, 561 P.2d 845.

23. Written stipulation setting forth all evidence; section does not require trial court to take additional evidence before imposing sentence. White v. State, 222 Kan. 709, 714, 568 P.2d 112.

24. Applied; abuse of judicial discretion in sentencing; remanded for resentencing. State v. Coe, 233 Kan. 153, 167, 574 P.2d 929.

25. Sentence hereunder after conviction involving use of firearms; mandatory minimum sentencing acts (K.S.A. 21-4618, 22-3717) upheld. State v. Freeman, 223 Kan. 362, 363, 370, 371, 574 P.2d 950.

26. Minimum sentence for aggravated robbery imposed under subsection (b) and K.S.A. 21-4618; trial court had no jurisdiction to modify. State v. Rios, 225 Kan. 613, 592 P.2d 467.

27. Juvenile defendant sentenced hereunder; appeal not moot when defendant no longer confined. State v. Bolden, 2 Kan. App. 2d 470, 471, 581 P.2d 1195.

28. Cited in upholding second degree murder conviction. State v. Levier, 226 Kan. 461, 601 P.2d 1116.

29. Imposition of maximum sentence not an abuse of discretion where court considered factors set out in K.S.A. 21-4606. State v. Williams, 226 Kan. 688, 696, 602 P.2d 1332.

30. Appeal from conviction for which sentence imposed hereunder; affirmed. State v. Ward, 227 Kan. 663, 664, 608 P.2d 1351.

31. Cited; no appeal of denial of sentence modification motion where filed more than 130 days after sentencing. State v. Henning, 3 Kan. App. 2d 607, 599 P.2d 318.

32. Waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction supported by substantial evidence upheld. In re White, 227 Kan. 881, 883, 610 P.2d 1114.

33. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 21-4618 which denies probation and parole and requires mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes is upheld. State v. McDaniel & Owens, 228 Kan. 172, 185, 612 P.2d 1231.

34. Sentence hereunder for aggravated assault upheld; use of firearm requires mandatory imposition and service of imprisonment. State v. Johnson, 6 Kan. App. 2d 750, 754, 634 P.2d 1137 (1981).

35. Attempted murder; sentence under (c) hereunder not subject to mandatory provisions of K.S.A. 21-4618. Sutton v. State, 6 Kan. App. 2d 831, 636 P.2d 187 (1981).

36. The secretary of corrections can only recommend reduction in a sentence; reinstatement of a legally entered sentence to correct an illegal modification does not constitute double jeopardy. Barr v. State, 8 Kan. App. 2d 173, 175, 651 P.2d 975 (1982).

37. Sentence upheld where within limits and factors for concurrent sentence carefully considered. State v. Marks, 231 Kan. 645, 656, 647 P.2d 1292 (1982).

38. When trial court's sentence within statutory limits, it will not be disturbed absent circumstances showing abuse of discretion. State v. Stellwagen, 232 Kan. 744, 750, 659 P.2d 167 (1983).

39. No abuse of discretion in imposing consecutive maximum sentences for each offense of aggravated kidnapping and rape. State v. Coberly, 233 Kan. 100, 109, 661 P.2d 383 (1983).

40. Cited in holding direct appeal from sentence following guilty plea permissible under code of criminal procedure. State v. Green, 233 Kan. 1007, 1011, 666 P.2d 716 (1983).

41. Life sentence controlled time served in prison; sentence on aggravated battery has no bearing on defendant's parole eligibility. State v. Richard, 235 Kan. 355, 366, 681 P.2d 612 (1984).

42. Where sentence imposed within terms of statute and mandates in K.S.A. 21-4601, 21-4606, discretion not abused. State v. Maxwell, 10 Kan. App. 2d 62, 70, 71, 691 P.2d 1316 (1984).

43. No error in imposing consecutive life sentences where second felony conviction was first-degree murder. State v. Baker, 237 Kan. 54, 56, 57, 697 P.2d 1267 (1985).

44. Cited; denying good time credits for class A felony incarceration (K.S.A. 22-3717(b)) rationally related to valid legislative purpose. Olson v. Maschner, 10 Kan. App. 2d 289, 291, 697 P.2d 893 (1985).

45. Cited; error in relying only on nature of crime and not considering K.S.A. 21-4601, 21-4606 in overcoming presumptive sentence (K.S.A. 21-4606a). State v. Linsin, 10 Kan. App. 2d 681, 682, 684, 709 P.2d 988 (1985).

46. Cited; no authority in felony case to commit to community corrections facility (K.S.A. 21-4603) except as condition of probation. State v. Fowler, 238 Kan. 326, 333, 710 P.2d 1268 (1985).

47. Cited; defendant's absence from trial (K.S.A. 22-3405) examined. State v. Salton, 238 Kan. 835, 837, 715 P.2d 412 (1986).

48. Sentencing hereunder; reclassification of crime, severity of sentence discussed. State v. Van Cleave, 239 Kan. 117, 122, 716 P.2d 580 (1986).

49. Sentenced for crimes committed on Indian reservation; Allen instruction, Brady evidence rule, sufficiency of evidence examined. United States v. Blandin, 784 F.2d 1048 (1986).

50. No abuse of discretion where sentences imposed within statutory limits and based on sentencing criteria. State v. Strauch, 239 Kan. 203, 219, 718 P.2d 613 (1986).

51. Cited; any defendant, whether convicted by plea or trial, may challenge sentence on appeal (K.S.A. 22-3602); (State v. Haines, 238 Kan. 478, 712 P.2d 1211 (1986) overruled). State v. Harrold, 239 Kan. 645, 646, 649, 722 P.2d 563 (1986).

52. Sentences clearly within statutory limits; no allegation of partiality, prejudice or corrupt motive; not excessive. State v. Alsup, 239 Kan. 673, 678, 679, 722 P.2d 1100 (1986).

53. Cited; modification of sentence, statutes to consider in sentencing examined. State v. Jennings, 240 Kan. 377, 378, 729 P.2d 454 (1986).

54. Cited; factors considered where presentence and KRDC reports available and minimum sentence imposed examined. State v. Bennett, 240 Kan. 575, 577, 731 P.2d 284 (1987).

55. Cited; aggravated failure to appear charge (K.S.A. 21-3814) examined; outcome of underlying charge not determinative. State v. DeAtley, 11 Kan. App. 2d 605, 731 P.2d 318 (1987).

56. Sentence under K.S.A. 21-4618 vacated; evidence sufficient to show use of firearm examined. State v. Adams, 12 Kan. App. 2d 191, 197, 737 P.2d 876 (1987).

57. Cited; judicial conduct supporting censure proceedings, fair sentencing proceedings, sentencing guidelines examined. State v. Lake, 12 Kan. App. 2d 275, 276, 740 P.2d 106 (1987).

58. Cited; discretion in sentencing under Habitual Criminal Act (K.S.A. 21-4504) without considering factors in K.S.A. 21-4601, 21-4606 examined. State v. Kulper, 12 Kan. App. 2d 301, 307, 744 P.2d 519 (1987).

59. Cited; when motion to modify acts as probation request (K.S.A. 21-4603), no direct appeal from probation denial (K.S.A. 22-3602) examined. State v. Deavours, 12 Kan. App. 2d 361, 743 P.2d 1011 (1987).

60. Cited; unconsciousness induced by seizure as defense to murder (K.S.A. 21-3401), violation of order in limine examined. State v. Massey, 242 Kan. 252, 253, 747 P.2d 802 (1987).

61. Cited; guidance in construing sentencing statutes (K.S.A. 21-4601), criteria to consider in sentencing (K.S.A. 21-4606) examined. State v. McGlothlin, 242 Kan. 437, 438, 747 P.2d 1335 (1988).

62. Cited; indigent defendant's right to transcript of sentencing hearing following denial of sentence modification examined. State v. Duckett, 13 Kan. App. 2d 122, 764 P.2d 134 (1988).

63. Sentencing examined where two criminal offenses with identical elements but different penalties involved. State v. Nunn, 244 Kan. 207, 228, 768 P.2d 268 (1989).

64. Time limits on district court's jurisdiction to modify sentences and exceptions thereto (K.S.A. 21-4603(3)) examined. State v. Saft, 244 Kan. 517, 769 P.2d 675 (1989).

65. Where statute itself corrects sentence, correction of record of sentencing clerical in nature, and no hearing required. State v. Young, 14 Kan. App. 2d 21, 38, 784 P.2d 366 (1989).

66. Appeal from probation denial following guilty plea where statutory presumption of probation applies (K.S.A. 21-4606a) examined. State v. VanReed, 245 Kan. 213, 215, 777 P.2d 794 (1989).

67. Seven factors for consideration in sentencing not detailed where court exceeded minimum sentence; no abuse of discretion shown. State v. Meyers, 245 Kan. 471, 479, 781 P.2d 700 (1989).

68. Sentence enhancement within limits prescribed by law and without partiality, prejudice, oppression or corrupt motive not disturbed on appeal. State v. Trotter, 245 Kan. 657, 664, 783 P.2d 1271 (1989).

69. Mere reference to and adoption of presentence report as insufficient to overcome elements in K.S.A. 21-4601, 21-4606, 21-4606a examined. State v. Tittes, 245 Kan. 708, 710, 784 P.2d 359 (1989).

70. Consequences of third or subsequent conviction of driving with suspended license determined. State v. Harpool, 246 Kan. 226, 229, 788 P.2d 281 (1990).

71. Ambiguous plea agreement as strictly construed against state determined. State v. Marks, 14 Kan. App. 2d 594, 595, 796 P.2d 174 (1990).

72. Effect of K.S.A. 21-4603(3)(a) on court's discretion to modify sentence, nature of SRDC recommendation examined. State v. Moon, 15 Kan. App. 2d 4, 5, 801 P.2d 59 (1990).

73. No requirement that life sentence be changed to term of years; question of good time credits is one for legislature. State v. Carmichael, 247 Kan. 619, 622, 623, 801 P.2d 1315 (1990).

74. Amendments to sentencing statutes regarding modification (K.S.A. 21-4603(3)(a)) and presumption of probation (K.S.A. 21-4606a) determined as substantive and applicable prospectively. State v. Sylva, 248 Kan. 118, 119, 804 P.2d 967 (1991).

75. Trial court's consideration of events occurring after crime for which defendant being sentenced examined. State v. Hannah, 248 Kan. 141, 143, 804 P.2d 990 (1991).

76. Mandate in 1989 Supp. 21-4603(3)(a) (now 1990 Supp. 21-4603(4)(a)) regarding sentence modification examined in depth; held constitutional. State v. Reed, 248 Kan. 792, 794, 811 P.2d 1163 (1991).

77. Penalties for class E felonies compared with provisions of K.S.A. 8-262(a)(3) for convictions of driving with a suspended license (minor over 14 years of age). State v. Frazier, 248 Kan. 963, 965, 811 P.2d 1240 (1991).

78. Time during which probation may be revoked examined; probation period held limited to maximum sentence time. State v. Grimsley, 15 Kan. App. 2d 441, 443, 808 P.2d 1387 (1991).

79. Appellate court review of minimum sentence not involving presumptive probation after plea of guilty or nolo contendere examined. State v. Salinas, 15 Kan. App. 2d 578, 579, 811 P.2d 525 (1991).

80. Record of criminal activity examined where court imposed consecutive maximum sentences within statutory limits. State v. Barraza-Flores, 16 Kan. App. 2d 15, 23, 819 P.2d 128 (1991).

81. Reasonableness of mandatory life sentence and six consecutive 10-year sentences examined. State v. Ji, 251 Kan. 3, 41, 832 P.2d 1176 (1992).

82. Unless sentence exceeds statutory minimum, there is no basis upon which defendant can allege abuse of discretion. State v. Beechum, 251 Kan. 194, 197, 202, 833 P.2d 988 (1992).

83. hard 40 sentencing instruction examined and approved; question of parole eligibility likelihood examined. State v. Perez, 251 Kan. 736, 745, 840 P.2d 1118 (1992).

84. Circumstances justifying imposition of enhanced sentence pursuant to habitual criminal act examined. State v. Warren, 252 Kan. 169, 183, 843 P.2d 224 (1992).

85. Cited in court's examination of defendant's right to allocution under K.S.A. 22-3424(4); substantial justice shown. State v. Spencer, 252 Kan. 186, 190, 843 P.2d 236 (1992).

86. Imposition of minimum sentence noted as not resulting in "manifest injustice" where firearm used in commission of crime (K.S.A. 21-4618(3)). State v. Turley, 17 Kan. App. 2d 484, 486, 840 P.2d 529 (1992).

87. Noted in holding prior conviction used to enhance classification of crime (K.S.A. 65-4127b) cannot be used to enhance sentence (K.S.A. 21-4504). State v. Geddes, 17 Kan. App. 2d 588, 596, 841 P.2d 1088 (1992).

88. Cited; application of K.S.A. 21-4618 to conviction of unlawful possession of firearm is erroneous. State v. Edwards, 252 Kan. 860, 871, 852 P.2d 98 (1993).

89. Aggravating factors sufficient to support recommendation of mandatory 40-year sentence examined. State v. Cromwell, 253 Kan. 495, 498, 856 P.2d 1299 (1993).

90. Which felony convictions may be used to enhance forgery sentence examined; constitutionality and legislative history of section discussed. State v. Greever, 19 Kan. App. 2d 893, 896, 878 P.2d 838 (1994).

91. Whether judge can set less severe penalty than life imprisonment for class A felony probation revocation examined. State v. Van Winkle, 256 Kan. 890, 898, 889 P.2d 749 (1995).

92. Whether allowing prosecution to amend habitual criminal act motion to substitute valid for invalid conviction is reversible error examined. State v. Hunt, 257 Kan. 388, 399, 894 P.2d 178 (1995).

93. Sentencing judge adequately addressed mitigating factors in sentencing minor tried as adult to maximum sentence. State v. Vargas, 260 Kan. 791, 801, 926 P.2d 223 (1996).

94. Mentioned in sentencing for crimes committed prior to July 1, 1993. State v. Paul, 285 Kan. 658, 665, 175 P.3d 840 (2008).

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