Law Review and Bar Journal References:

"Kansas' New Conspiracy Law," Larry R. O'Neal, 19 K.L.R. 799 (1971).

"A Procuring Agent May Not be Convicted of Narcotics Sale," 22 K.L.R. 272 (1974).

"Mental Capacity-Specific Intent of Conspiracy," 14 W.L.J. 679, 680, 682, 683 (1975).

Effects of Mandatory Sentencing Act (K.S.A. 21-4618), 26 K.L.R. 277, 286, 287 (1978).

"The Law of Criminal Conspiracy in Kansas," David S. Jeans, 26 K.L.R. 571 (1978).

"Juvenile Law: Juvenile Involuntarily Absent from a Waiver Hearing Is Not Denied Due Process [State v. Muhammad, 237 Kan. 850, 703 P.2d 835 (1985)]," Daniel J. Gronniger, 25 W.L.J. 598, 604 (1986).

"Co-Conspirator Hearsay in Federal and Kansas Jurisdictions After Bourjaily v. United States," Brian Burris and Gary Nelson, 27 W.L.J. 528, 550, 560, 565, 568 (1988).

"Methamphetamine, A Recipe for Disaster," Debra S. Peterson and R. Michael Jennings, 73 J.K.B.A. No. 9, 7, 46, 48 (2004).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Discussion of statute prohibiting a local official from using official authority to influence decisions of lottery review board. 2008-18.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Mentioned in interlocutory appeal questioning order suppressing evidence. State v. Boyle, 207 Kan. 833, 836, 486 P.2d 849.

2. Conviction hereunder; procuring agent for purchaser not guilty of sale. State v. Osburn, 211 Kan. 248, 249, 505 P.2d 742.

3. Conviction hereunder reversed; defenses of entrapment and procuring agent against charge of selling narcotics not inconsistent. State v. Fitzgibbon, 211 Kan. 553, 554, 507 P.2d 313.

4. Referred to; conviction under K.S.A. 65-2502 upheld; amendment of information after new trial ordered allowed. State v. Osburn, 216 Kan. 638, 533 P.2d 1229.

5. Statute not unconstitutionally invalid; no plurality of subjects; not vague; title sufficient. State v. Campbell, 217 Kan. 756, 768, 539 P.2d 329.

6. Defendant charged hereunder; order suppressing evidence obtained by electronic search warrants upheld. State v. Farha, 218 Kan. 394, 395, 544 P.2d 341.

7. Prosecution for burglary and felony theft; failure to instruct hereunder not error. State v. Burnett, 221 Kan. 40, 45, 558 P.2d 1087.

8. Evidence sufficient to warrant submission to jury; conviction affirmed. State v. Colbert, 221 Kan. 203, 204, 208, 557 P.2d 1235.

9. In prosecution for conspiracy it is not necessary that conspirator be shown to have financial stake in the conspiracy. State v. Daugherty, 221 Kan. 612, 613, 619, 562 P.2d 42.

10. Conviction hereunder reviewed; no reversible error. State v. Marshall & Brown-Sidorowicz, 2 Kan. App. 2d 182, 186, 577 P.2d 803.

11. Record examined on appeal from conviction hereunder and of other crimes; no reversible error. State v. Smallwood 223, Kan. 320, 321, 574 P.2d 1361.

12. Conviction hereunder and for aggravated robbery affirmed as to two defendants; reversed as to another. State v. Watie, Heard and Heard, 223 Kan. 337, 338, 574 P.2d 1368.

13. Conviction of conspiracy to deliver cocaine affirmed. State v. Glazer, 223 Kan. 351, 352, 356, 574 P.2d 942.

14. Conviction hereunder and of other crimes affirmed; instructions proper; counts not duplicitous. State v. Branch and Bussey, 223 Kan. 381, 573 P.2d 1041.

15. Alleged trial errors reviewed on appeal from conviction hereunder; judgment affirmed. State v. Moody, 223 Kan. 699, 576 P.2d 637.

16. Order granting motion for acquittal after guilty verdict not appealable; appeal dismissed. State v. Crozier, 225 Kan. 120, 126, 587 P.2d 331.

17. Dismissal of count against one defendant on grounds of improper venue; failure to grant speedy trial. State v. Cuezze, Houston & Faltico, 225 Kan. 274, 275, 589 P.2d 626.

18. Mentioned; evidence of arrest for conspiracy to sell cocaine not presented for inadmissible purpose in trial on charge of possession. State v. Sabater, 3 Kan. App. 2d 692, 601 P.2d 11.

19. Whether defendant used firearm in commission of crime is matter to be determined by trial court as sentencing. State v. Ramsey, 228 Kan. 127, 612 P.2d 603.

20. Trial court's instructions not clearly erroneous; conviction of felony murder affirmed. State v. Hearron, 228 Kan. 693, 619 P.2d 812.

21. Elements of conspiracy and aiding and abetting discussed in detail. State v. Rider, Edens & Lemons, 229 Kan. 394, 395, 625 P.2d 425.

22. Proof that the theft of property valued over $100 was intended and the overt act taken toward accomplishing it, sufficient for felony conspiracy conviction. State v. Small, 5 Kan. App. 2d 760, 765, 625 P.2d 1.

23. Elements of conspiracy discussed; financial state not necessary. State v. Becknell, 5 Kan. App. 2d 269, 270, 615 P.2d 795.

24. Conspiracy to commit arson; new evidence not material enough for new trial. State v. Wolf, 7 Kan. App. 2d 398, 403, 643 P.2d 1101 (1982).

25. Failure to fully comply with post-interception wiretap requirements, standing alone, does not require suppression nor render interceptions unlawful. State v. Willis, 7 Kan. App. 2d 413, 643 P.2d 1112 (1982).

26. Trial court erred in overruling motion for new trial; comments by codefendant's counsel on defendant's failure to testify. State v. Gowler, 7 Kan. App. 2d 485, 644 P.2d 473 (1982).

27. Attempted conspiracy (criminal solicitation) not statutory crime prior to enactment of K.S.A. 21-3303. State v. Sexton, 232 Kan. 539, 540, 657 P.2d 43 (1983).

28. Noted in holding court will follow traditional probable cause determination of "totality of circumstances" in issuing search warrant. State v. Rose, 8 Kan. App. 2d 659, 660, 665 P.2d 1111 (1983).

29. Conspiracy and aiding and abetting (K.S.A. 21-3205) separate and distinct offenses. State v. Hobson, 234 Kan. 133, 134, 138, 671 P.2d 1365 (1983).

30. Owners of cordless phone, knowing equipment, have no expectation of privacy to conversation intercepted by FM radio. State v. Howard, 235 Kan. 236, 249, 679 P.2d 197 (1984).

31. Certificate to practice law voluntarily surrendered; disbarred following conviction hereof and exhaustion of appeals. In re Wiswell, 236 Kan. 311, 691 P.2d 391 (1984).

32. Statutes describing crimes of possession and sale of material containing psilocybin not unconstitutionally vague. State v. Justice, 10 Kan. App. 2d 569, 577, 704 P.2d 1012 (1985).

33. Issue of sentencing under K.S.A. 21-4606a as first-time offender discussed. State v. Linsin, 10 Kan. App. 2d 681, 709 P.2d 988 (1985).

34. Effective assistance of counsel, admission of "body pack" tape recording, "plain view" exception to 4 th Amendment examined. State v. Walker, 239 Kan. 635, 722 P.2d 556 (1986).

35. Evidence required to establish aggravated arson (K.S.A. 21-3718, 21-3719), what constitutes interest in another person examined. State v. Houck, 240 Kan. 130, 131, 727 P.2d 460 (1986).

36. Cited; allegations necessary to state claim for civil conspiracy examined. NL Industries, Inc. v. Gulf & Western Industries, 650 F. Supp. 1115, 1130, 1131 (1986).

37. Direct appeal of probation denial following guilty or nolo contendere plea dismissed. State v. Dantzler, 12 Kan. App. 2d 181, 737 P.2d 69 (1987).

38. Cited; obtaining bank draft by deception, venue for crime where requisite acts for commission occurred in separate counties examined. State v. Dickens, 243 Kan. 574, 757 P.2d 321 (1988).

39. Cited; search and seizure with warrant based on observations of state park custodian; private citizen not agent of state examined. State v. Smith, 243 Kan. 715, 717, 763 P.2d 632 (1988).

40. Voluntariness of statements, validity of statements after counsel appointed, harmless error in admitting examined. State v. White, 246 Kan. 28, 29, 785 P.2d 950 (1990).

41. Possession of methamphetamine with intent to sell (K.S.A. 65-4127b) not included crime (K.S.A. 21-3107) under conspiracy to sell. State v. Matson, 14 Kan. App. 2d 632, 633, 634, 798 P.2d 488 (1990).

42. Crime of conspiracy is not a continuing offense; acts necessary to constitute concealment examined. State v. Palmer, 248 Kan. 681, 690, 810 P.2d 734 (1991).

43. Jury panel selection, complaining witness counsel, closing argument misconduct, insanity defense, press access to affidavits supporting probable cause examined. State v. Baker, 249 Kan. 431, 433, 819 P.2d 1173 (1991).

44. Sufficiency of evidence, instructions on reasonable doubt, evidence of prior crimes, prosecutorial statements in closing arguments examined. State v. Dunn, 249 Kan. 488, 489, 820 P.2d 412 (1991).

45. Insufficiency of evidence arising from "reverse sting" drug operation to establish probable cause for conspiracy to sell marijuana (K.S.A. 65-4127b) examined. State v. Starks, 249 Kan. 516, 820 P.2d 1243 (1991).

46. Matters improperly considered in rebutting presumptive sentencing (K.S.A. 21-4606a) noted; defendant's presence for resentencing to correct void sentence examined. State v. Barraza-Flores, 16 Kan. App. 2d 15, 16, 819 P.2d 128 (1991).

47. Instruction on conspiracy, testimony regarding defendant's dream, evidence of other illegal activities, reasonableness of search, multiplicity of convictions, sentence examined. State v. Tyler, 251 Kan. 616, 619, 840 P.2d 413 (1992).

48. Conspiracy requires both agreement and overt act. State v. Hill, 252 Kan. 637, 641, 847 P.2d 1267 (1993).

49. Prosecution under K.S.A. 61-4141, based upon facilitation, requires proof of the actual commission of the underlying felony. State v. Garrison, 252 Kan. 929, 933, 936, 850 P.2d 244 (1993).

50. Whether intercepted conversations should be suppressed because they were unrelated to offenses described in wiretap application examined. State v. Gibson, 255 Kan. 474, 476, 874 P.2d 1122 (1994).

51. Whether judge erred by using inappropriate standard in reviewing probable cause to hold defendant examined. State v. Bockert, 257 Kan. 488, 489, 893 P.2d 832 (1995).

52. Whether convictions of arson and conspiracy to commit arson are multiplicitous examined. State v. Eastridge, 20 Kan. App. 2d 973, 977, 894 P.2d 243 (1995).

53. Defendant may appeal imposition of discretionary consecutive sentences only if imposition constitutes departure. State v. McCallum, 21 Kan. App. 2d 40, 43, 895 P.2d 1258 (1995).

54. Refusal of trial court to instruct jury on withdrawal defense to aiding and abetting charge not erroneous. State v. Kaiser, 260 Kan. 235, 247, 918 P.2d 629 (1996).

55. Requires proof of specific intent; specific intent distinguished from general intent. State v. Esher, 22 Kan. App. 2d 779, 782, 922 P.2d 1123 (1996).

56. Departure sentence for nonbase conspiracy conviction exceeding double the presumptive sentence in violation of K.S.A. 21-4719(b)(2) reversed. State v. Hernandez, 24 Kan. App. 2d 285, 290, 944 P.2d 188 (1997).

57. Under facts, charging defendant with contributing to child's misconduct and substantive drug offenses was not multiplicitous. State v. Buhr, 25 Kan. App. 2d 529, 966 P.2d 690 (1998).

58. Purpose of preliminary examination considered; evidence failed to establish necessary element of conspiracy (agreement to commit crime). State v. Harris, 266 Kan. 610, 615, 975 P.2d 227 (1999).

59. Single continuing conspiracy may not be broken into parts for purpose of multiple prosecutions. State v. Wilkins, 267 Kan. 355, 367, 985 P.2d 690 (1999).

60. Conspiracy complaint held not defective for failing to charge individual theft crimes instead of conspiracy. State v. Smith, 268 Kan. 222, 227, 993 P.2d 1213 (1999).

61. Conspiracy to commit murder requires overt act; planning on time, location and manner of killing does not constitute necessary overt act; information fatally defective. State v. Crockett, 26 Kan. App. 2d 202, 203, 205, 987 P.2d 1101 (1999).

62. Information defective as to crime of conspiracy, sufficient as to crime of attempt. State v. Sweat, 30 Kan. App. 2d 756, 49 P.3d 8 (2002).

63. Section requires specific allegation of overt act in furtherance of conspiracy. State v. Shirley, 277 Kan. 659, 89 P.3d 649 (2004).

64. Overt act is essential element of conspiracy. State v. Marino, 34 Kan. App. 2d 857, 126 P.3d 427 (2006).

65. Two conspiracy convictions multiplicitous where there was but one agreement to burglarize home. State v. Pham, 281 Kan. 1227, 1261, 136 P.3d 919 (2006).

66. Distinction between liability for crimes of another (K.S.A. 21-3205) and the crime of conspiracy discussed. State v. Simmons, 282 Kan. 728, 735, 148 P.3d 525 (2006).

67. Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of conspiracy to sell cocaine despite hearsay statements; prior conviction for sale of cocaine properly used to enhance sentence. State v. Adams, 35 Kan. App. 2d 439, 445, 456, 131 P.3d 556 (2006).

68. Sufficiently significant circumstances and evidence existed for rational factfinder to find defendant guilty of charges. State v. Moody, 35 Kan. App. 2d 547, 554, 555, 556, 132 P.3d 985 (2006).

69. Conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine and possession of drug paraphernalia not identical crimes; conspiracy requires "an agreement." State v. Denny, 38 Kan. App. 2d 724, 726, 730, 172 P.3d 57 (2007).

70. Conviction for felony murder upheld even though defendant acquitted of underlying felony. State v. Herron, 286 Kan. 959, 964, 189 P.3d 1173 (2008).

71. Conviction hereunder affirmed; alleged improper inference of guilt by prosecutor held not improper. State v. McReynolds, 288 Kan. 318, 202 P.3d 658 (2009).

72. Conflicting statutory provisions prescribing different sentences for criminal offense, rule of leniency applicable. State v. Horn, 288 Kan. 690, 206 P.3d 526 (2009).

73. K.S.A. 21-3302(a) requires the pleading of a specific allegation of an overt act in furtherance of a claimed conspiracy. State v. Tapia, 42 Kan. App. 2d 615, 214 P.3d 1211 (2009).

74. Conviction for conspiracy upheld even though state failed to allege every element in complaint. State v. Tapia, 295 Kan. 978, 287 P.3d 879 (2012).