Revisor's Note:

Section was amended multiple times in 1994 session, see also 21-4710a.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

"Criminal Procedure Review: Survey of Recent Cases," 44 K.L.R. 895 (1996).

"Sentencing Considerations: Representing Other-State Residents in Kansas and Representing Kansas Residents in Missouri," Phillip Burdick, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. XX, No. 2, 16 (1996).

Survey of Recent Cases, 45 K.L.R. 1390, 1394 (1997).

"Solidifying the Use of Juvenile Proceedings as Sentence Enhancement and Clarifying Second-Degree Murder," Kay Redeker, 37 W.L.J. 483 (1998).

Criminal Procedure Edition, 47 K.L.R. 937 (1999).

"Criminal Procedure Survey of Cases," 48 K.L.R. 895 (2000).

"Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases," Matt Corbin, Editor, 51 K.L.R. 659, 744 (2003).

"Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases, Kansas Issue," 52 K.L.R. 771 (2004).

"Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases," 53 K.L.R. 983 (2005).

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Whether nonsexually violent juvenile adjudications are considered convictions for habitual sex offender determination purposes examined. State v. Ward, 20 Kan. App. 2d 238, 244, 886 P.2d 890 (1994).

2. Whether juvenile adjudication can be used to enhance severity level of theft conviction examined. In re J.E.M., 20 Kan. App. 2d 596, 599, 890 P.2d 364 (1995).

3. Whether inmate's most recent conviction event serves as controlling offense for retroactive sentence conversion examined. State v. Geis, 20 Kan. App. 2d 778, 788, 894 P.2d 213 (1995).

4. Whether substantial and compelling reasons existed for departure from presumptive sentence examined. State v. Richardson, 20 Kan. App. 2d 932, 943, 901 P.2d 1 (1995).

5. Whether court erred in using convictions which defendant is actively serving in computing criminal history examined. State v. Austin, 20 Kan. App. 2d 950, 954, 901 P.2d 1 (1995).

6. 1993 version of section does not allow use of municipal convictions in computing criminal history under KSGA (K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq.). State v. Dunn, 21 Kan. App. 2d 359, 900 P.2d 245 (1995).

7. Mitigating factors sufficient to justify downward departure for involuntary manslaughter conviction. State v. Heath, 21 Kan. App. 2d 410, 414, 901 P.2d 29 (1995).

8. An out-of-state misdemeanor may be considered comparable to a Kansas felony for conversion to person or nonperson crime purposes. State v. LaGrange, 21 Kan. App. 2d 477, 480, 901 P.2d 44 (1995).

9. Juvenile adjudications may be considered in calculating offender's criminal history. State v. LaMunyon, 259 Kan. 54, 57, 911 P.2d 151 (1996).

10. Defendant's plea for multiple offenses in separate case on same day may be used for KSGA (K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq.) criminal history. State v. Roderick, 259 Kan. 107, 110, 116, 911 P.2d 159 (1996).

11. Convictions of nonprimary crimes must be considered part of criminal history for primary crime under 1993 KSGA. State v. Riley, 259 Kan. 774, 777, 915 P.2d 774 (1996).

12. Juvenile adjudication may be used in determining criminal history score for sentencing of adult under KSGA (K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq.). State v. Lanning, 260 Kan. 815, 816, 925 P.2d 1145 (1996).

13. Expunged juvenile adjudications are counted in determining defendant's criminal history under KSGA (K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq.). State v. Murray, 22 Kan. App. 2d 340, 343, 348, 916 P.2d 712 (1996).

14. No error in treating conviction of municipal ordinance of furnishing liquor to person under 21 as person misdemeanor. State v. Davis, 22 Kan. App. 2d 776, 922 P.2d 453 (1996).

15. Full faith and credit clause authorizes inclusion of another state's juvenile adjudications in calculating defendant's criminal history score. State v. Pope, 23 Kan. App. 2d 69, 79, 81, 927 P.2d 503 (1996).

16. Specific inclusion of juvenile offender in section precludes application thereto by pre-1996 aggravated escape from custody section (K.S.A. 21-3810). State v. Clint L., 262 Kan. 174, 178, 936 P.2d 235 (1997).

17. Effect of consolidating complaints and meaning of prior convictions for sentencing guideline criminal history purposes examined. State v. Taylor, 262 Kan. 471, 477, 939 P.2d 904 (1997).

18. District court has exclusive jurisdiction to try felonies; municipal ordinance felony convictions are not provided for in KSGA (K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq.). City of Junction City v. Cadoret, 263 Kan. 164, 172, 946 P.2d 1356 (1997).

19. Using prior juvenile adjudication both to certify individual as adult and for criminal history score purposes does not violate (d)(11). State v. Fultz, 24 Kan. App. 2d 242, 243, 248, 943 P.2d 938 (1997).

20. Most comparable Kansas offense determines whether prior conviction felony or misdemeanor when it occurred in jurisdiction not distinguishing between same. State v. Hernandez, 24 Kan. App. 2d 285, 288, 944 P.2d 188 (1997).

21. Municipal nonselect class B nonperson misdemeanors may be used in calculating criminal history scores. State v. Briggs, 24 Kan. App. 2d 621, 629, 950 P.2d 273 (1997).

22. Municipal ordinance violations treated the same as comparable misdemeanors in determining criminal history classifications. State v. Vega-Fuentes, 264 Kan. 10, 13, 955 P.2d 1235 (1998).

23. Trial court did not err by applying defendant's full criminal history when computing base sentence for each case. State v. Bolin, 24 Kan. App. 2d 882, 885, 955 P.2d 130 (1998).

24. Trial court calculation of criminal history score and sentence upheld. State v. Patry, 266 Kan. 108, 111, 867 P.2d 737 (1998).

25. Defendant's federal convictions properly considered as prior convictions for determining criminal history. State v. Heath, 25 Kan. App. 2d 587, 589, 967 P.2d 775 (1998).

26. Defendant's prior convictions for driving with a suspended license need not have predated current offense for HCA (K.S.A. 21-4504) enhancement purposes. State v. Bandy, 25 Kan. App. 2d 696, 700, 971 P.2d 749 (1998).

27. Felony charge, not felony conviction, is an essential element of aggravated failure to appear. State v. Rapp, 26 Kan. App. 2d 595, 596, 992 P.2d 226 (1999).

28. Criminal history worksheet satisfies state's burden to prove defendant's criminal history;juvenile adjudications only, not diversions, are to be included thereunder. State v. Presha, 27 Kan. App. 2d 645, 8 P.3d 14 (2000).

29. Conviction set aside under Alaska law must be included in criminal history score. State v. Hodgden, 29 Kan. App. 2d 36, 25 P.3d 138 (2001).

30. Court may classify defendant a persistent sex offender based on one prior sex offense and include other prior sex offenses in defendant's criminal history score. State v. Armstrong, 29 Kan. App. 2d 822, 33 P.3d 246 (2001).

31. Prior conviction is any conviction which occurred prior to sentencing in current case regardless of whether prior conviction occurred before or after current offense or conviction in current offense. State v. Bussart, 29 Kan. App. 2d 996, 35 P.3d 281 (2001).

32. Use of in-custody conviction to compute defendant's criminal history score does not violate section. State v. Perez-Moran, 31 Kan. App. 2d 328, 64 P.3d 463 (2003).

33. Prior conviction used to classify defendant as persistent sex offender may not be used in determining defendant's criminal history category. State v. Moore, 274 Kan. 639, 55 P.3d 903 (2002).

34. Conviction that creates need for registration as sex offender cannot be counted in determining criminal history score. State v. Pottoroff, 32 Kan. App. 2d 1161, 96 P.3d 280 (2004).

35. Prior convictions in criminal history score do not require jury finding as fact beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Siesner, 35 Kan. App. 2d 649, 653, 137 P.3d 498 (2006).

36. Legislature explicitly superseded previous sentencing scheme when Kansas sentencing guidelines act adopted. State v. Ruiz-Reyes, 285 Kan. 650, 652, 656, 175 P.3d 849 (2008).

37. KSGA states that all prior convictions are considered, regardless of timing of the previous offenses. State v. Paul, 285 Kan. 658, 668, 669, 175 P.3d 840 (2008).

38. K.S.A. 21-4710(a) relates only to the use of prior convictions to establish a defendant's criminal history category. State v. Unruh, 39 Kan. App. 2d 125, 136, 137, 177 P.3d 411 (2008).

39. Cited; K.S.A. 21-4704(j) determines whether a defendant is a persistent sex offender, juvenile adjudications are not referenced. State v. Boyer, 40 Kan. App. 2d 318 to 324, 191 P.3d 357 (2008).

40. Prior conviction of any crime not counted in determining criminal history category if they are elements of present crime. U.S. v. Wattree, 544 F. Supp. 2d 1262, 1273 (2008).

41. Cited; prior convictions can not be counted in criminal history score if they enhance applicable penalties. State v. Luttig, 40 Kan. App. 2d 1095, 1097 to 1102, 199 P.3d 793 (2009).

42. Juvenile adjudications are not to be considered in determination of persistent sex offender status under K.S.A. 21-4704(j). State v. Boyer, 289 Kan. 108, 209 P.3d 705 (2009).

43. If uncounseled misdemeanor conviction resulted in no prison term, conviction may be used to enhance later sentence. State v. Long, 41 Kan. App. 2d 477, 203 P.3d 45 (2009).

44. Defendant's prior convictions, if used for progressive sentencing scheme, cannot be used to calculate criminal history score. State v. Gilley, 290 Kan. 31, 223 P.3d 774 (2010).

45. Defendant's prior convictions, if used for progressive sentencing scheme, cannot be used to calculate criminal history score. State v. Arnett, 290 Kan. 41, 223 P.3d 780 (2010).

46. Defendant's misdemeanor convictions were obtained in violation of his 6 th Amendment right and should not have been scored in his criminal history. State v. Long, 43 Kan. App. 2d 328, 225 P.3d 754 (2010).

47. Second count of two-count conviction available to calculate defendant's criminal history score. State v. Deist, 44 Kan. App. 2d 655, 239 P.3d 896 (2010).

48. Out-of-state municipal ordinance convictions used to calculate offender's criminal history score. State v. Lackey, 45 Kan. App. 2d 257, 246 P.3d 998 (2011).